Robert E. Hall and Charles I. Jones (1999), Why Do Some Countries Essay

Robert E. Lobby and Charles I. Jones (1999), Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others,Quarterly Journal of Economics, 83-116 - Essay Example This redirection away from development advancing speculation appears as robbery, unprotected property rights The examination is based around a speculation that these distinctions in interest in capital amassing is essentially the aftereffect of contrasts in social framework across nations. Social framework, as an idea utilized in their examination, incorporates various thoughts, for example, foundations and government approaches, the entirety of which, they guarantee, add to making a situation in which capital amassing is supported. A social framework great for elevated levels of yield per laborer gives a situation that bolsters gainful exercises and energizes capital aggregation, expertise securing, innovation, and innovation move. The scientists guarantee that production of this ideal social foundation is best done by the administration since they have the power to gather the assets expected to build up the guidelines and laws that would make a system to stop redirection. Be that as it may, ruined government, taking part in lease looking for conduct, add to the preoccupation of assets from exercises of capital aggregation by making poor agreements, meddling underway exercises, and hindering exchange. All things considered, the paper indicates that the most proper social foundation for development would restrain the job of government given government’s inclination for lease looking for conduct. A significant issue that is created in their exploration concerns the heading of causality between social foundation and yield per laborer. Lobby and Jones concede that progressively profitable specialists, with more elevated levels of instruction and pay levels, could impact the social foundation. All things considered, nations encountering low development levels can't give the assets important to make a steady social framework that would empower further human and physical capital collection, implying that fitting

Interviewing Excercises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Meeting Excercises - Essay Example The report further focuses to mounting obligations whose development rate has surpassed simultaneous development rates in income, all out budgetary assets and enrolment, and where the obligation per understudy surpassed monetary assets per understudy. The report further foresee proceeded with money related troubles for the open schools yet anticipates that the state funded colleges should raise educational cost and charges to connect the income holes occasioned by cuts in state support, debilitated blessings and higher costs produced by developing enrolment. Nonetheless, the reports show that the open schools have stayed fluid and ready to meet their present risk without prior warning, the private colleges had a more grounded liquidity than comparably evaluated state funded colleges. Exercise 3. 1. Mary said to Tom, â€Å"put the book down and pay for my coffee.† 2. Tom answered, â€Å"Absolutely no. Pay for yourself.† 3. â€Å"The PC has changed education,† expr essed John Thompson. 4. â€Å"I spilled espresso all over my keyboard,† Taylor cried. 5. ... Mr. Allen, who is tall and solid, dropped out of secondary school to join the military at 18 years old years. In the wake of joining military, he conveyed to Okinawa for fourteen day preparing and from that point sent to Vietnam at the stature of the war. He concedes having killed numerous Vietnamese troopers and watching others kick the bucket, in the 13 months that he spent in the Vietnamese wilderness. He is currently a vocal advocate of harmony on the planet and a conspicuous pundit of taking up arms. His recommendation to the understudies is to â€Å"understand the significance of making a universe of harmony and nonviolence†. He mourns the military’s utilization of a forceful methodology, to enroll youngsters and ladies. â€Å"Nowadays we have permitted the military to go into our middle schools and additionally secondary schools, and they have programs, ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Corps) programs for the youthful secondary school and middle school students,à ¢â‚¬  He says, â€Å"When I was a kid that didn't occur; you needed to go to the recruiter’s office†. He completely expressed that such forceful enlisting don't offer the youthful secondary school kids an opportunity to take a gander at what their choices in life are. â€Å"Military nearness in our schools has persuaded numerous kids that the military is a decent thing†. He affirms that military preparing changes the psyche of the youthful enlisted people. Marine Corps, he says, prepared to execute. The main thing that the coaches do is to expel â€Å"your non military personnel life from you† by disposing of one’s regular citizen perspective. â€Å"In the military there’s no reasoning. You are prepared to follow orders. You don't ask any questions.† he says. He opines that it is simpler to do this to youthful secondary school kids who have no clue about what they need to do with

8 Great Books on Motherhood to Read for Mothers Day

8 Great Books on Motherhood to Read for Mothers Day Mother’s Day is still a unique holiday for meâ€"this is only my second one being a mom, and while I do think much of it is a Hallmark holiday, I also think it’s nice to honor the people who’ve helped us become who we are todayâ€"mothers, stepmothers, aunts, grandmothers, female mentors, other-mothers, and so forth. I love reading memoirs and books about different kinds of motherhood experiences, because I think too often, we see the social media-approved kind of motherhood. You know the kind: everyone is always happy, kids impeccably dressed, moms with stylish clothes, good hair, and drinking hot coffeeâ€"and always with the hashtag #blessed, used unironically. Me? I’m over here in my mom uniform of a geeky tee and cardigan (easy access for nursing), trying to wrangle my toddler and keep him from shoving all of his toys in back of the couch, guzzling my coffee before it turns to complete ice, and hoping I brushed my teeth, because Im too exhausted to accurately remember. And my #blessed captions? Yeah, that’s sarcasm. But even behind those picture-perfect Instagram posts lie storiesâ€"often ones we never expected, which is why I crave stories of motherhood. Whether memoir or fiction, I want more. I want the messy, beautiful, gross, painful, amazing, heart-wrenching stories about raising tiny humans. Because it isn’t easyâ€"but reading about other people doing it makes it feel a little less difficult. Here are some that Ive read recently that have been recently published or are coming out soon. End of the Rope: Mountains, Marriage, and Motherhood by Jan Redford (May 8th) As someone who would NEVER EVER climb a mountain, this book was incredibly fascinating to me. I liked this book because it accurately reflected what women know to be true, but what movies and books often play down: motherhood is just a part of our larger stories. This was a memoir about loveâ€"romantic, and that of sport. It also illustrated conflicts between work, marriage, and motherhood, and the constant examination of identity. Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie I was sent the newly released paperback version of this, and while Id heard good things about it last year when it came out in hardback, I never got around to reading it. Well, I cracked it open (its a pretty thin, portable volume) and couldnt stop reading. I took screenshots of pages and sent them to a friend of mine whod just had a baby. Written as a response to a friend who asked her how to raise a feminist, Adichie gives gentle advice while raising a lot of important questions. This is something I want to give ALL of my friends who are pregnant or newly mothers. The Rebel Mama’s Handbook For (Cool) Moms Vol 1: Early Motherhood by Aleksandra Jassem and Nikita Stanley This “handbook” was written by the creators of the website The Rebel Mama, the “anti-mom blog.” (Don’t worry, there’s a Rebel Papa section on the website, too). Funded by Kickstarter, this book is the antithesis to the fear-mongering and guilt-inducing What to Expect. Covering everything from what you really need to put on your registry and how to deal with the deluge of unwanted and unasked-for advice you get once you start showing, to what really happens after birth, and dealing with the mess and tediumâ€"yes, tedium!â€"of a newborn. There is so much more, thoughâ€"it’s jam-packed with girlfriend-to-girlfriend advice about mom-dating, dressing for a changing postpartum body, and basically, I wish I had this two years ago when I gave birth. (You can buy the book from the website). The Mere Wife: A Novel by Maria Dahvana Headley (July 17th) I admit, when I got the publicity materials for thisâ€"“Beowulf in the suburbs”â€"I was not won over. But fellow Rioters told me her writing was wonderful, so I gave it a chance, and oh, am I so glad I did. This novel was like nothing I’d ever read, and I’ve included it in this list because its two depictions of motherhood are gut-wrenching and tender, even in their violence. The two women live alongside each other, but couldn’t be more differentâ€"a rich socialite and a veteran whom everyone saw die on television. Each has a son, and when the sons form a friendship, no one’s life is spared from the fallout. Revolutionary Mothering: Love on the Front Lines, edited by Alexis Pauline Gumbs, China Martens and Maia Williams You need to read this anthology. Like, now. Predominantly written by women of color and other marginalized mothers (queer, single, poor, Latinx, disabled, etc), this book is powerful, its real, and its beautiful. There are essays, poems, manifestos, critical pieces, and everything in between. This book looks at performing motherhood as a radical event: raising the next generation, against all odds, in the face of hardship and difficulty, and opens the space for communication about justice, disparities, and equality. Conceivability: What I Learned Exploring the Frontiers of Fertility by Elizabeth Katkin (June 19th) Did you know that nearly 1 in 10 American women will seek medical assistance regarding fertility? We see the social media stories about women in their 40s and even 50s giving birth, but we don’t stop to think about how they got there. We assume now that egg freezing is available, our biological clocks can be put on hold. It’s not that easy, and Katkin weaves memoir, reportage, and criticism in this important book. There is an element of privilegeâ€"most states do not require mandatory insurance coverage for infertility, and she has the resources to do 10 IVF cycles and travel internationally to pursue motherhood. Despite that, the book is well-researched and an important one to add to the literature about assisted reproduction. I’m Just Happy to be Here: a Memoir of Renegade Mothering by Janelle Hanchett Hanchett is the creator of the blog “Renegade Mothering,” and I was really excited to read something honest, something realâ€"as she says, something that blows apart “the sanctity of motherhood.” This is Hanchett’s memoir of addiction and eventual recovery, and it’s not an easy read. She doesn’t portray herself well at all, and at several points, I had to put the book aside, I was so exasperated with herâ€"but it is this commitment to honesty that made me go back and finish the book. It might not be for everyone, but it was nice to read something different about the motherhood journey. I did, however, want more of the “after,” but there’s always her blog. Small Animals: Parenthood in the Age of Fear by Kim Brooks (August 21st) When Brooks left her four-year-old son in the car, watching something on his tablet, as she ran into the store to quickly buy something, she found herself on the news, at the center of what can only be called a massive shitstorm. She was accused of child endangerment, and people had super strong feelings about her actions. It led her to examine the concept of parenthood todayâ€"how parenthood is now a competitive sport, everyone under constant scrutiny, and the anxiety that comes with constant surveillance. What books about motherhood do you find yourself reading? Looking for more books on motherhood? Check out  100 Must-Read Books About Mothers and Motherhood, 10 Great Books about Mother-Daughter Relationships, and all of our motherhood discussions.

Student-Athletes and Compensation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1354 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Should College Athletes Be Paid Essay Did you like this example? Created in the 1950rs, the term student-athlete is still the NCAArs foundation of all prior and current debates about not paying collegiate athletes. The current debate is less about should these high caliber players be paid by the universities and now seems more focused on how they can receive their share of a multi-billion-dollar industry and the effects if student-athletes do get paid. The effects of student-athletes being paid is where the opposition continues to rely on an out of date defense that tuition is fair compensation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Student-Athletes and Compensation" essay for you Create order Pay for students is illegal and competitive balance in college sports will be compromised. The NCAA has a history of dealing with players being paid on a case to case basis. Most recently permitting some athletes to earn money for use of their name, image, and likeness (NIL). A great example of these inconsistencies would be Katie Ledecky having to leave the Stanford swim team to take advantage of her Olympic success, whereas Arike Ogunbowale was allowed by the NCAA to continue playing basketball for Notre Dame while being paid to be on Dancing with the Stars because it was not related to basketball (Brennan 2). After hearing the NCAArs explanation, Commission chair Condoleezza Rice said, ?I couldnt for the life of me understand the explanation . . . because obviously shers there because she hit two winning shots in two basketball games (in the womenrs Final Four), so thatrs the connectionIts time to clear this up (qtd. in Brennan 2). If Commission chair Condoleezza Rice believes NCA A policies are confusing, it must be time for existing policies to be reevaluated. The NCAA executives should clearly define a consistent way and then allow student-athletes to be compensated for their personal name, image, likeness, and participation in non-collegiate events because the non-profit organization has evolved, there are ways to properly regulate payment, and numerous cases of paying student-athletes already exist. In 1906 President Teddy Roosevelt founded the NCAA to provide safety for college football players, and at the time students were not allowed to be recruited based on athletic ability (Katz, Vaughn and Gilleran 1). Athletic scholarships were not first introduced until the 1950rs, and the term student-athlete was used soon thereafter by the NCAA President of the time, Walter Byers, to protect the NCAA from legal issues (Katz, Vaughn and Gilleran 1). The main issue the NCAA faces today, pay for play, goes back to 1984 when they were forced, by the Supreme Court, to stop limiting the telecasts of college sports and revenue started rapidly increasing (Katz, Vaughn and Gilleran 2). A century after its creation, the NCAA President Myles Brand spoke at the NCAA convention in 2006 about the status of the organization (Katz, Vaughn and Gilleran 1). He expressed that the NCAA as an enterprise had commercialized, but the players must remain amateurs: ?Amateur defines the participants. . . not th e enterprise (qtd. In Katz, Vaughn and Gilleran 1). This shows that President Brand is contradicting the NCAAs original intentions. They are not the only organization to transform into something they were not intended to be. The Olympics is a perfect example of how a platform deeply rooted in the term amateurism (student-athlete) can change and allow players to receive endorsements (Solomon 17). The Olympic model has evolved to combat the opposing opinion that funding student-athletes will make it less competitive and less appealing as Jon Solomon notes: The public hasnt stopped watching the Olympics with professionals. Making money through endorsements while being good at a sport doesnt seem to hurt interest in the Olympics, which once had the most stringent definition of amateurism (Solomon 17). While not paying these athletes according to The New York Amsterdam News the NCAA is violating the law, Jaimie C. Harris wrote, In 2015, the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a lo wer court ruling stating the organization violated antitrust laws by limiting what athletes can receive while participating in college sports (Harris 1). NCAA Commission chair Condoleezza Rice sees the problem, she addressed it in a telephone interview with USA Today stating, ?We believe that students ought to be able to benefit from name, image, and likeness. . . It makes sense for the NCAA to have a legally justifiable framework that works, and currently the framework doesnt work (qtd. in Brennan 1-2). If the framework is broken, fix it; there are plenty of companies, professors, former athletes, etc. that have ideas on how to legally pay student-athletes. Major companies like EA Sports would like to pay the collegiate players for the use of their name, image and likeness, so some form of legal structure needs to be developed to provide this (Solomon 14). To combat legal concerns, Notre Dame athletic director Jack Swarbrick suggests, college sports could manage group licensing for athletes (Solomon 16). This method will provide a fair distribution of the wealth across all players (Solomon 16). With a group-licensing approach, representatives for the players go to the companies to work out a fair deal for the players, which will create an all or nothing deal made with the player and the interested company. These ideas from Jack Swarbrick are created from the fact that students and student-athletes are separated (Solomon 16). If a player also wants other forms of endorsement for their NIL, this will be possible with some conditions. As proposed in the CAP Act as a benefit it would allow student-athletes to . . . engage in commercial acti vities that reflect the athleters public visibility as long as the athleters college sport or institution were not identified (Sack 3). The final way players should get paid is through prize money from all events outside the NCAA. Ideas like the ones mentioned above would allow the NCAA to maintain its non-profit status and allow players to profit financially. Some student-athletes are already profiting financially under NCAA guidelines, some more than others. Take University of Texas swimmer Joseph Schooling, he won Singaporers first gold metal by defeating Michael Phelps and received a huge bonus from his home country of $740,000 (Solomon 1). Some of the most recognizable collegiate football players can hope to pick up a bowl gift worth no more than $550 (Solomon 2). This random allowance does not seem to be relevant when a tennis player can earn $10,000 in prize money. Kyle Parker is not amused by these tennis players earnings because he got a $1.4 million bonus for signing as a professional baseball player and was still the quarterback for Clemson in 2010 (Solomon 2). NCAA players split $60 million awarded to them in a case against EA Sports for using their likeness (Solomon 14). All of these exceptions make it hard to understand what is and is not allowed and becomes more confusing which brings up the question whether the NCAA should just allow the athletes to get paid by outside resources. Tom McMillenrs statistics help support this argument, 79 percent of athletic directors in the NCAArs highest football division support players making money off their name for non-athletic related activities (qtd. in Solomon 13). Policy makers for the NCAA need to specifically clarify and grant permission for student-athletes to be paid for their name, image, likeness and participation in non-collegiate events because it would bring the NCAA regulations up to speed, properly regulated payments are possible, student-athletes have already been paid. The oppositions stance on the debate believes that tuition is a fair compensation, paying students is illegal and the competitive balance in college sports will be compromised. Not only is this defense outdated but can also be rejected by the Olympic model and the legal structure developed above. As Condoleezza rice says, ?Itrs time to clear this up there needs to be some changes to the policies derived from the NCAA to cope with the desires of the players (qtd. in Brennan 2). These wants for payment is very understandable given the facts provided by Knight Commission, In 2015, the 53 public schools from the five major conferences [SEC, Big Ten, ACC, Big 12, Pac-12] paid their football coaching staffs (530 individuals) combined $405.5 million, compared to $179.8 million in scholarships to their football players (4,979 individuals) (Solomon 4). This large gap in ratios makes it easy to agree with Bob Bowlsby prediction; ?that the day will come when players decide not to play in a major college sporting event (qtd. in Solomon 17).

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1166 Words

The Reality in the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered around context. Enabling one to see how the few real things and feelings of the world have been reflected in the Great Gatsby. The life and experiences of F. Scott Fitzgerald provide added analysis to the reading of The Great†¦show more content†¦Just as Gatsby moved to New York and to accumulate massive wealth to impress Daisy Fay; Fitzgerald moved to New York to earn money to impress Zelda Sayre, the daughter of an Alabama State Judge. This journey for wealth in order to secure love is quite similar to that of Gatsby’s quest to win over Daisy. It is also important to note the shared feeling of being the odd man out. Fitzgerald grew up in a wealthy society, but was never quite a part of it completely, largely due to his father’s business failures. Wherever Fitzgerald went or moved to, he was never going to be rich enough to be with the crowd. Similarly, Gatsby also experienced this same phenomena. He reinvented himself and made an abundance of money, yet he was still never part of the in crowd. Whose greatest fear was being â€Å"Mr. Nobody from nowhere† (87.) Fitzgerald and Gatsby both shared the same fears and desires. The application of the biographical lense allows for the characters to be painted in a new light, showing the real people behind the glitz. History defines the twenties with one word; excess. The main characters (Gatsby, Tom, and Daisy) all pine for more and are warped by the live now think later ideology of the twenties. To Gatsby, the more something costs, the more valuable it is. This is evidenced by his affection for Daisy,† Her voice is full of money, (96) Gatsby sees Daisy as something to gain to have. Daisy is more or less another manifestation of Gatsby’sShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of wealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown direct ly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around thatRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald992 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jazz Age was a period of great economic, social, and political change happening in the 1920’s. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, however, sees in this a time of boundaryless death, and urban decimation. The Great Gatsby is modeled towards the death of the American dream during the 1920’s. Based on the happening of the 1920’s, this model is certainly reasonable. F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby use the motifs of materialism, carelessness, and decay seen in the 1920’s in order to

Evolution or Ignorance of Education Free Essays

Throughout recent history creationists and evolutionists have argued whether evolution should be a part of America’s public education. Whether evolution is science fact, or science fiction. Evolution being a science based on statistics has some faults, although many concepts in science or math do. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution or Ignorance of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The process of learning about evolution is a necessary part of a well-rounded student’s education due to the fact that it is a statistically proven science and removing it in turn revokes certain student’s rights. In a student’s academic career that a student is most likely at one time or another going to have to take a science class. Science, being the main topic of discussion in this class, should at one point include evolution, because that is what evolution is, a science. Although to truly understand evolution in its fullest context, one must not look to a dictionary, for dictionary definitions just are too vague. One of the most respected evolutionary biologists has defined biological evolution as follows: â€Å"In the broadest sense, evolution is merely change, and so is all-pervasive; galaxies, languages, and political systems all evolve. Biological evolution †¦ is change in the properties of populations of organisms that transcend the lifetime of a single individual. The ontogeny of an individual is not considered evolution; individual organisms do not evolve. The changes in populations that are considered evolutionary are those that are inheritable via the genetic material from one generation to the next. Biological evolution may be slight or substantial; it embraces everything from slight changes in the proportion of different alleles within a population (such as those determining blood types) to the successive alterations that led from the earliest protoorganism to snails, bees, giraffes, and dandelions. † – Douglas J. Futuyma in Evolutionary Biology, Sinauer Associates 1986 All sciences are based on some form of proof. Whether it being living proof such as in Biology where one can observe cell division, mathematical proof such as in calculating air-resistance in Physics, or statistical proof as in all science experiments when a predicted result occurs again and again. All sciences have at least one of these qualities, including evolution. The proof of evolution’s existence has been on this earth ever since life was formed from carbon based atom structures. Humans, however, have not been in existence long enough to observe properly the phenomena of evolution. Although by using the latest technology we can accurately observe the process of evolution as it occurred over time long ago and is still happening today. Charles Darwin, a British naturalist, made the first major step in classifying evolution during his studies in the Galapagos Archipelago in 1831 when he was only 22 years of age. Due to this he is credited with first forming a structured theory of evolution. During his studies in the Galapagos Archipelago he found a multitude of flora and fauna that had complete isolation from the rest of the world. One particular type of animal that he paid close attention to be a small bird called a Finch. This was thought as being simple at first, but as he traveled to the different islands he noticed many different species of finches. These finches probably descended from one type of ancestor and then, due to isolation and through chance, different climates and natural forces such as food availability and type, they evolved into many different types of finches. Some finches had different colorings, wingspan, and even beak style. In total he found thirteen different varieties of finches. Later on in Charles’ life he formed many theories on the origins of man. This was directly related to his studies in the Galapagos Archipelago. In his book â€Å"Decent of Man† written in 1871 he declares why man had been so ignorant by denying evolution in the final parts of chapter one. â€Å"Thus we can understand how it has come to pass that man and all other vertebrate animals have been constructed on the same general model, why they pass through the same early stages of development, and why they retain certain rudiments in common. Consequently we ought rankly to admit their community of descent: to take any other view, is to admit that our own structure, and that of all the animals around us, is a mere snare laid to entrap our judgment. This conclusion is greatly strengthened, if we look to the members of the whole animal series, and consider the evidence derived from their affinities or classification, their geographical distribution and geological succession. It is only our natural prejudice, and that arrogance which made our forefathers declare that they were descended from demigods, which leads us to demur to this conclusion. But the time will before ong come, when it will be thought wonderful that naturalists, who were well acquainted with the comparative structure and development of man, and other mammals, should have believed that each was the work of a separate act of creation. † (Darwin) As seen in the above text, Charles Darwin explains how statistically man did evolve from a lower form of life. This is directly related to the finches due to that the same forces that caused them to evolve may have caused humans to evolve as well. Yet still some schools in America have tried banning the teaching of evolution in the classroom. Every student in a United States public school has a constitutional right to hear the whole story when it comes to evolution. It is called the first amendment in the Bill of Rights. According to the American Civil Liberties Union or ACLU, the authority on civil rights, states that every student has the right to a non-biased education (ACLU Urges†¦ ). In the Supreme Court decision Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U. S. 578 (1987), the Court ruled that to compromise by omitting evolution and creationism from the science curriculum would â€Å"undermine the provision of a comprehensive scientific education. On this point, the law is very clear, and the Supreme Court put its foot down — the First Amendment forbids a state to alter its curriculum simply in order to defend a religious belief. That’s an establishment of religion, and it’s unconstitutional. (Edwards) So not only is removing evolution from the classroom unjustified, but it is against the law. Creationism has its place in the classroom as well as Evolutionism, although not the same classroom. Creationism belongs in a class like Theology or History of Religion. This is because creationism is the belief in the biblical account of the creation of the world. Biblical meaning the Bible, restricting it only to a group of religions. So-called â€Å"Creation Science† is not a science at all. Lately it has been more of a political movement than a science. Sure creationists may have facilities like the â€Å"Institute for Creation Research† (a church that does no scientific research at all) and the â€Å"Creation Research Society† (another church that also does no scientific research), but in the end there is not a shred of science in creation. Recently many science teachers in public schools have tried to work their way around teaching evolution by teaching a so called â€Å"intelligent design theory† (Washington State). This is just one of the many guises of creation science, and it does not change the fact that states and school districts may not adopt religious theories as standards in school curricula. Creationists will always exist, since ignorance will always exist, although evolution will always have a place in science curriculum. Creationists believe in creation because their masters have told them to believe in Creationism as a tool to their â€Å"salvation†. They do not care that evolution is an observed fact: they have â€Å"faith† that Creationism is true, and that’s all they need. They consider facts and truth to be a hindrance to their ticket to Heaven. The teachings of these people should have no place, and will have no place in our children’s science classrooms, only evolution and other proven sciences have the right to be present. Therefore, the process of learning about evolution is a necessary part of a well-rounded student’s education due to the fact that it is a statistically proven science and removing it in turn revokes certain student’s rights. How to cite Evolution or Ignorance of Education, Papers

Modern Political Issues in the Philippines free essay sample

Does MNLF headed by Nur Misuari has a right of title over areas of Mindanao. Moro National Liberation Front or MNLF be it under Misuari or other leader has no right over any part of Mindanao legally speaking. Muslim Mindanao had always been undisputed in any head on battle or war in history. From their pre-colonial autonomy up to the present incessant rebellion against the national government, they are always marked by triumph and non-withering spirit. They tactfully and secretly wished for independence but not to the extent of jeopardizing the nation. However, the Jabidah Massacre slapped the abhorrent and painful issues kept inside the hearts and minds of our Muslim brethren. Deep inside, they are rebelling for being discriminated, marginalized, and forsaken. Then Nur Misuari or Chairman Nur united them under Moro National Liberation Front in the aim of getting the national government to listen and listen intently. After a widespread bloodshed, both sides took a halt and decided to bring the issues squarely on one table. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Political Issues in the Philippines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was one of the longest talks literally because it was done first in Malaysia, then in Turkey, and finally in Libya. Hence, the Tripoli Agreement. The Tripoli Agreement was basically a mutually agreed Yes’ and No’s of both parties. It ordered for a detailed autonomous act to be legislated by the Congress. When it was signed in Manila, the war was officially over. As the national government’s dedication to peace and accountability, the Congress did enact RA 6734 (An Act Providing for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao) and RA 9054 (An Act to Strengthen and Expand the Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao) as an amendment to the latter. ARMM then became a fully and legally functioning regional government. All was well except for the fact that there had been another uprising from a splinter group of MNLF which is the more aggressive Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). They wanted more so they said, but Chairman Nur argued that MILF is but another intrusion from the imperial police government of Malaysia. Whatever and whoever is behind this movement, it doesn’t change the fact that it claimed more lives and hindered progress especially in the island of Mindanao. So the national government faced another toll and after years of fighting, they are back around that table again. This time, in Malaysia and this time, without MNLF. Now that the Framework Agreement is nearing completion, MNLF felt betrayed and legally violated by this peace process. They waged another war even though the government talked with them again and this time the venue is Indonesia. I believe that MNLF has no legal right over any part of Mindanao. There had been no clause or section in the Organic Act for ARMM mentioning that. However, it could be deduced that the government committed a fatal error befriending MILF and alienating the other. This could be another history repetition. Who knows what arm uprising would be organized again and under what name. Peace in this island will never be achieved if the national government does not change its perspective. Muslims here in Mindanao have different ethnicities and clans. They are united by one thing, their faith, but they are divided by hundred other issues. Never alienate anyone. Finally, this may sound a little over the top, but it’s high time we confront the issue of foreign intervention in our national affairs. It would be very comical having to find out that we are actually settling our brotherly disputes in a bully’s yard. 2. Does Philippines have rightful ownership over Sabah? Cite legal and Historical Basis. Philippines is the rightful owner of North Borneo. Historical Perspective: North Borneo was originally owned by the sultan of Brunei. In 1700’s, there was rebellion in the country and the Sultan of Sulu helped him by sending his soldiers. As token of gratitude and as a tradition, he gave a chunk of his property to the Sultan of Sulu. This was divided into two and the other chunk was given to another sultan who sold it to a Dutch businessman and is presently owned by Indonesia. The remaining lot is the one we call Sabah under the Malaysian government. This was leased or â€Å"padyak† to a British businessman who established British North Borneo Company in 1878. Right after the country was declared independent after Japanese colonization, the United Kingdom claimed Sabah as part of the Crown colony from being a Protectorate. In the 1960’s, during the presidency of Pres. Diosdado Macapagal, the sultan of Sulu transferred the sovereignty of North Borneo to the National Government fearing that United Kingdom will hand over the Sabah right to the newly independent nation of Malaysia. The rest is history as they say although it is surely clear that Philippines owns Sabah or North Borneo so to speak. Legal Basis: There is a little doubt for me on our ownership’s legality. If we are going to cite the historical evidence of our ownership, there would be no question at all. It had been talked about over the news after the Lahad Datu standoff and was reported that after Pres. Diosdado Macapagal fought our right over Sabah, the claim went status quo. However, there is another side of the story missing. United Kingdom made a move over this dispute; they went to ask residents of Sabah to decide whether to be part of Malaysia or the Philippines. The result was a little inaccurate and that was the time when the United Nations stepped in. UN and ICJ have this modern approach in settling territorial disputes. Historical basis are not given so much weight because almost every side will provide authentic document supporting their claim: Philippines giving documents saying that we only leased it and Malaysia saying that padyak means selling and the payment made even until today is just a part of what had been agreed during the negotiations that the heirs will be given royalty fee or that sort. In the spirit of democracy and/or majority rule, another plebiscite was held and the locals decided to embrace Malaysian government. This was the reason why we did not include Sabah in our territory even when we transitioned to the 1987 Constitution. The Sultanate of Sulu is firm on their stand that Sabah should be given back to us. They said that the Lahad Datu incident was a mere protest on the Malaysian government abuse to the locals of Sabah who originated from Southern Philippines. This time they are sure that we will win given another plebiscite. However, Malaysia is not compromising and is not willing for another talk. Who would want to if what is at risk is a parcel of land contributing 23 percent of your GNP. As for me, the alarming thing brought about by this dilemma is how the Philippine government is addressing it. The administration is showing its teeth to the sultanate just to tell the international community that we can handle our national issues and that we have this internal stability. â€Å"Palagi na lang tayong tuta ng ibang bansa; kailan pa tayo magigising aso? † (Princess Jaycel Kiram). 3. Why UN through US interested in nuclear weapons of North Korea? The United Nation will always knock on any nation’s door to make sure that the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons or Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is adhered to. This has been in effect since 1970 and signed by 190 countries except for India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan. North Korea acceded to NPT although it was reported that it never complied to it. This stubborn communist country has taken an on-and-off pledge for the nuclear disarmament. However, there had been serious report that they are trying to miniaturize nuclear bombs to fit into a missile and to change their use of plutonium to the untested and feared uranium. These bold moves are causing unrest to its neighboring countries especially South Korea and the whole world in general. One missile launch would create a massive havoc and devastation that would render most of the countries defenseless (not unless your country is a closet nuclear developer). That would be reason enough for the whole global community to fret and be aggressive.

Englis Essays

Englis Essays Englis Essay Englis Essay Unit Test, Part 2: Challenges and Turning Points Answer the questions in complete sentences. (7 points) Score | 1. Both Paul in The Rocking-Horse Winner and Jerry in Through the Tunnel set a challenge for themselves. What is the challenge for each, and what motivates each toward his goals How are the challenges similar and different Answer: Paul sets a challenge to find luck. Jerry sets a challenge to go through a underwater tunnel. What motivated Paul is his motherâ„ ¢s happiness, and for his to house to stop whispering that it needs more money. Jerryâ„ ¢s motivation is to prove to himself that he can go through the tunnel. I donâ„ ¢t think there are really any similarities, but I think Jerry and Paulâ„ ¢s challenge are widely different on a personal level. Jerry is more selfish than Paul, who, in the end, gives his life for his goal. For Paul the motivation isnâ„ ¢t self-driven but driven in a non-direct way by his mother who wishes for more money and luxuries she canâ„ ¢t afford but wishes she did. For Jerry, it is all self motivational. He pushes himself to go through the tunnel, to learn how to control his breathing, and coerces his mother to buy goggles for him. (7 points) Score | | 2. Racism is important to the setting and context of both The Train from Rhodesia and Poison. What do the stories reveal about the power of racism on both sides of the racial divide Answer: In Poison Mr. Pope is fine with the doctor while he is saving his life, but when the good doctor begins question his superiority, or in this case, his intelligence. He lets his true feelings show. After being shouted at and called a rat the doctor, leaves telling Timber that Mr. Pope needs a vacation. In The Train I think that racism is symbolized in many ways from the way the natives are symbolized as being part of nature, and being poor and malnourished while the white train passengers are separated from the landscape and having more food than they need, enough to throw away to the dogs. On the other hand the poor old starving villager who needs to sell his sculpture for 3 pennies, and after the young womenâ„ ¢s husband talks him down to one, the young women is furious at her husband for talking him down to that much when she has more statues than she needs as it is. Your Score | ___ of 20 | (6 points) Score | | 3. In several of the stories in the unit, the turning point results from an intense building of suspense. Choose one of the stories and describe how the author builds intensity and suspense. Answer: In Poison the author build suspense by showing how slowly they drew the sheet back, Mr. Popeâ„ ¢s need to cough, his constant sweating, them soaking the bed in Chloroform and finally Mr. Popeâ„ ¢s dancing number to get rid of the non existant animal.

Battle of Wagram - Napoleonic Wars Battle of Wagram

Battle of Wagram - Napoleonic Wars Battle of Wagram Conflict: The Battle of Wagram was the deciding battle of the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Date: Fought east of Vienna, near the village of Wagram, the battle occurred on July 5-6, 1809. Commanders Armies: French Napoleon I180,000 men Austrians Archduke Charles155,000 men Battle Summary: Following his defeat at Aspern-Essling (May 21-22) after trying to force a crossing of the Danube, Napoleon reinforced his army and built up a large supply base on the isle of Lobau. By early July, he felt ready to make another attempt. Moving out with approximately 190,000 men, the French crossed the river and moved onto a plain known as the Marchfeld. On the opposite side of the field, Archduke Charles and his 140,000 men took positions along the Heights of Russbach. Deploying near Aspern and Essling, the French drove back the Austrian outposts and captured the villages. By late afternoon the French were fully formed up after encountering some delays crossing the bridges. Hoping to end the battle in one day, Napoleon ordered an attack which failed to achieve any significant results. At dawn, the Austrians launched a diversionary attack against the French right flank, while a major assault was brought against the left. Pushing the French back, the Austrians were succeeding until Napoleon formed a grand battery of 112 guns, which along with reinforcements, stopped the attack. On the right, the French had turned the tide and were advancing. This coupled with a massive attack on the Austrian center that split Charles army in two won the day for the French. Five days after the battle, Archduke Charles sued for peace. In the fighting, the French suffered a staggering 34,000 casualties, while the Austrians endured 40,000.

Membership of the European Unoin is not the only challenge to the Essay

Membership of the European Unoin is not the only challenge to the traditional view of the supremacy of the UK Parliment, but it is the only one that seriously undermines that traditional view. Discuss - Essay Example That is, before the establishment of towns and cities, the concentration of people were in villages, where they lived a way of life, governed by local politics. With the evolution of humans and territories, political setup, which ruled a village, also evolved and new political setups or governance came into being, to rule cities, provinces or states and importantly countries. One of the political setups or governance that is visible all over the world, particularly in democratic countries is the Parliament. Parliament is the governing body which is endowed with the power of law-making and also functions as the forum for discussion and solution of peoples’ problems. â€Å"The term ‘Parliament’ is usually associated with the British system of parliamentary government, a system which has influenced the development of representative assemblies in many parts of the world† (Sapara). So, this paper will focus on the â€Å"Mother of Parliaments†, the United Kingdom Parliament, and will analyze its supremacy and importantly the issues that have crept in, to challenge that supremacy. The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body for United Kingdom and also its overseas territories. It only confers powers to all the other political bodies of United Kingdom, who all form an important part of governance. The UK parliament is of bicameral mode, with an upper house, the House of Lords, and a lower house, the House of Commons. â€Å"By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including the Prime Minister, are members of the House of Commons or, less often, the House of Lords, and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature† (wikipedia). So, in addition to conferring the power, the parliament makes them accountable for their actions, when they govern the people and take care of the public issues. Apart from these powers or

Field Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Field Study - Assignment Example The climate here is extremely similar to that in the coastal areas a long Mediterranean. Even though, temperatures are comparatively constant, there exist two distinct seasons, which are wet and dry with more than three quarters of yearly precipitation occurring between the month of November and March. Possibly the most outstanding characteristic of the typical weather is the banks of mist that can roll in off the ocean, covering several parts of the city within a short time and disappearing again quickly (Seiffert, 23). The fog is remarkably regular on summer mornings, arising from the cooler ocean and backing up adjacent to the hills, though it may also come from the colder local areas throughout the winter. The fog influences various elevations in different amounts, covering San Francisco in complex prototype of fog and sunshine. The latitude as well as longitude of San Francisco in California is 37Â ° 46' 30" N / 122Â ° 25' 5" W. It covers an area of 47 square miles (2000). Its elevation is 155 feet above the sea level. The average temperatures range between January, 52.3Â °F, August, 62.4Â ° F and an annual average of 58.6Â ° F. The average annual precipitation is also22.1 inches. The Sun is in the North facing slopes. According to my observation, in summer the circulation of temperature around the surface is determined in most of the areas by the result of degree of difference in heating between both land and water surfaces. The temperatures vary between coastal ocean water as well as land surfaces. Land surfaces, which are 15 to 20 miles, inland gets to 350F and even more on several afternoons. During the night, this contrast normally reduces to less than 100. During winter, the mean temperature maxima as well as minima reverse the summer one in that during the day the variations are exceedingly small. At the same time, mean minimum, temperatures reflect large variation and strong gradients. The sheltered valley has coldest temperatures, meaning str ong radiation inversions as well as inadequate vertical diffusion. There is evidence of the effects of wind such as the trees shapes and sand dunes. The trees are not straight in shape. The drifting sand caused by wind has created a number of dune lakes, of which Lake Merced is the largest. In addition, there are water bodies surrounding the San Francisco. The water temperature is warmer than the surrounding air. These temperatures differences are based on water depth. The deeper the water body, the higher the temperatures, and the shallow the water body the lower the temperatures. The city of San Francisco has several geographic features, which include the main landforms of coastal lands, deserts, mountains, as well as, the central valley. The San Francisco Bay is characterized by complex terrain comprising of, the coastal mountain, ranges, inland valleys as well as bays. The elevations of 1500 feet are usually common in the higher grounds of this area. It can obviously be seen tha t normal wind move, over the bay would be radically interrupted in the lowest areas. This is true when the air mass is constant, and velocity of wind is not strong. When winds flowing over the area are strong and unstable air masses, this distortion is lowered. The distortion is higher when there are low-level inversions present with the surface air, under the inversion, moving without the air above the inversion (Borzak 111). This condition is much common during the

The Manufacturing Sector in Malaysia

The Manufacturing Sector in Malaysia INTRODUCTION Manufacturing sector in Malaysia began to grow rapidly since the early 1980s when the country witnessed the transition from an agricultural economy to one based on industry. In addition, Malaysia began to implement a strategy to diversify its economy with the goal of becoming the country focused on economic activities with higher added value, and also reduce excessive focus on commodity upstream, namely tin and rubber. From that Malaysian government launch industrial policy in 1980s there are National Industrial Policy and Industrial Master Plan and has achieved remarkable growth. This major shift happen when the country realize that they needs to reduce dependence on imports, and the need to create technology-based sectors to ensure the success of the national economy. Today, the manufacturing industry is the fastest growing industry and become one of the countrys economic development factors. In the past, economic development in Malaysia is moving up from light industries to more capital and knowledge-intensive industries. Today, the challenge is to move from low-value-added to high value-added activities within or across industries. The high value added activities is to improves the value of products or services to customers. For examples, high value added activities include designing products, delivering products, processing customer orders and improving product quality. BACKGROUND OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR The manufacturing sector has existed from the colonial era, but its contribution is small at the time, which is about 8% of national income. The economy at that time was dependent on the production of raw materials, especially tin and rubber for export. The industrial sector is only focused on the processing of ore into ingots, tin, and it is dominated by companies belonging to the British. Until 1929, Malaya was producing 50 % of world production of tin ingots. In addition, there is also evidence that before the year 1940, manufacturing activities involving other products were also carried out on a small scale. These activities are confined to areas like Penang British administration, Province Wellesley and Malacca. Export industry for 1940 only amounted to a total of 450,000 tin, but tin was increased to 1,800,000 in 1959. During the colonial period, without any government intervention to promote the development of the manufacturing sector. But in the late 1960s, the importance of process outputs estate industry has been steadily decreasing since his place was taken by the food processing industry. There are other industries that began to grow, involving goods, non-durable consumer goods, consumer durables, capital goods such as electrical and non-electrical machinery and transport equipment. During this period, a policy known as import substitution policies have been introduced. The aim of import substitution policy was introduced in order to reduce the outflow of money, to meet domestic demand. Goods previously imported are now encouraged to produce their own in states. Thus, the focus is on light industry produce soaps, beverages, footwear, clothing and rubber products. In the late 1960s, im port substitution industries switch from consumer goods to the production of capital goods and intermediate goods. From 1963 to 1968, its importance in terms of contribution to value added and employment in the manufacturing sector, which is very different variety. Product groups of food, rubber and wood still maintain their dominant position in terms of their contribution to the manufacturing sector. The basic metals, textiles and electrical machinery set the fastest growing, with an annual growth rate of over 30% per annum. Most of this increase is due to the substitution of imports and domestic market development. Resource-based manufacturing activities such as timber and rubber increased only modestly. In 1970s, the ratio of the value of manufacturing goods exported to manufacturing goods imported has increased from 29.4% to 47.1% over the decade. Since the 70s, the government as well as economic diversification has emphasized a more rapid growth of the industry to meet the requirements of the job and the New Economic Policy (NEP). In this case, the focus has been on industries and export-oriented industries that employ large numbers of workers. Start 80s, the program suffered another countrys industrial development through the promotion of heavy industry. It aims to strengthen the countrys industrial base and increase peoples skills in the field of higher technology. It also aims to speed up the process of industrialization. Government plays a direct role in designing, implementing, funding and managing heavy industries as the private sector is not able to bear the expense or risk in handling projects involves not only capital, but also only be able to return in time long. Although overall industrial development of the country in the years of the 60s, 70s and early 80s is satisfactory but a lot of problems and weaknesses still exist in this sector. For example, the growth of the export sector is not very satisfactory when compared with the domestic sector. Exports of manufactured goods that Malaysia too dependent on only a few industries such as electrical and electronics and textiles. Product quality as well as a whole is not very satisfactory and cannot compete with the products of foreign countries. This is due to the low level of technology and lack of skills of local people to improve or renew technology received from outside. The established industries are also less value added as much devoted to assembly activities only. Therefore, if the industrial sector is expected to continue to play a key role in national development, it is necessary to set up long-term goals supported by development policies and strategies that are new. 3.1 IMPORTANT OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR 3.11 Economic Growth and Increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The manufacturing sector plays important role in economic growth and increase our gross domestic product. It is because the majority of these projects are in high value and high-growth industries. The proof is, for the first five month of 2013, MIDA had approved a total of 17 automotive projects with investments of RM0.6 Billion. Many global automotive companies and international component manufacturers have established their operation in Malaysia, including Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mercedes Benz, Volvo, BMW, Peugeot, Volkswagen, Denso and Bosch. Those investment in our country will increase our national income and also our economic growth. Other than that, Malaysia also sets a new record of RM216.5 billion for approved direct investment in 2013. Foreign and domestic direct investment continue to increase and 192,000 new jobs with higher income employment opportunities for Malaysians were approved. Malaysia again had a new record breaking year of investments in the manufacturing, services and primary sectors in 2013 with total approved investments of RM216.5 billion, a very commendable achievement amidst a challenging external environment. In 2012, the country attracted a total of RM167.8 billion in direct investments, which was the highest amount ever recorded. These approved investments were in 5,669 projects comprising 14 megaprojects worth more than RM1 billion each and 82 large projects worth more than RM100 million each. The majority of these projects are in high-value and high-growth industries. From all this achievements, we can see that manufacturing sector were important in economic growth and increase our nat ional income. 3.1.2 The Goal into Higher Value-added Activities in the New Economic Model (NEM) Malaysia launched the New Economic Model (NEM), which aims for the country to reach high income status by 2020 while ensuring that growth is also sustainable and inclusive. The NEM includes a number of reforms to achieve economic growth that is primarily driven by the private sector and moves the Malaysian economy into higher value-added activities in both industry and services. Our exports are still strong but not generating enough added value. Malaysia want to achieve high value added activities because Malaysia shortage of skilled manpower and high technology. This causes Malaysia lags behind developed countries to another. In the desire to become a developed country, Malaysia should concentrate importance of the manufacturing sector. This is because, the manufacturing sector is an important factor in the economic development of the country. Compared with the past, Malaysia have to move forward as an example in the field of automotive and electronics. Manufacturing sector brings m any benefits to the economy of our country. 3.1.3 Knowledge and Innovation Intensive Economic Activity The transformation of the economy will be characterised by economic sectors moving to higher value-added economic activities, where knowledge, innovation and productivity are central to value creation. For Malaysia, given the existing strong manufacturing and services base, movement towards higher value-added activity will be driven by the existing and new industries migrating up the value chain, such as in the areas of advanced electronics as well as green and resource-based industries. This will be strongly complemented by the development of knowledge-intensive services, including computing, information and communication technology (ICT), research and development (RD), health and education, as well as manufacturing-related support services such as logistics, marketing and branding. The significance, while multinational and large domestic corporations will remain important, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) will be central to the economy. A broad base of highly dynamic, innovative and competitive SMEs will be a critical and prominent feature of a high value-added, high-income Malaysian economy. 3.1.4 The Positive Rate of Trade Balance Since Malaysia want to be a country that is based on the manufacturing sector, our country less importing goods from abroad and has become one of the countrys largest exporter. Since the activities of importing goods from foreign countries has been reduced, therefore, the less the rate of money flowing abroad to pay for imported goods. The money can be used for the development of other sectors. So, excessive state financial resources that can be used to raise the living standards of the people. Strictly speaking, the progress in the industrial sector managed to reduce imports formerly state our country is too dependent on the import of goods. When the policy of industrial made our country export goods to overseas are higher than the import of goods from outside. This will lead to a positive value of trading revenue exceeds expenses. We can see that the manufacturing sector is one of the most important sectors of the economy. Although there are some obstacles, but the manufacturing sector remains important in driving the developed countries. 3.1.5 Increase the Demand for Raw Materials in the Country The reduction of the import of certain goods may increase the demand for raw materials in the country. The rapid growth in the manufacturing sector certainly lead to an increase in demand for raw materials. There are, to be between industrial essence to produce various products according to the demands of society worldwide. As an analogy that is common knowledge, our country never conquered by foreign powers to dominate the countrys supply of raw materials because of the high prices and widespread demand in the international market. According to the latest statistics, sources of raw materials such as rubber, oil palm and still have broad market at the level of globalization. Besides that, by Malaysia External Trade Statistics in 2012, found that the production of palm oil increased by 7.9% to RM4.5 billion. This situation certainly contributed to the improvement of the national economy as a country exporting these resources abroad. In addition, the supply of raw materials such as petroleum is needed in the process of canning food and petrol for the industrial sector in our country. In fact, cooking oil and soap produced also using palm oil as a source of raw materials. Indirectly, commodity prices have certainly risen sharply and benefit the country. Izhar, momentum in the industrial sector has been able to significantly increase the demand for raw material resources of the country. 3.1.6 Manufacturing Sector Provide Many Job Opportunities We can see that many factory were built whether in rural or urban, this shows that many job opportunities that the manufacturing sector provided. Moreover, the manufacturing sector provides benefits to people in terms of employment opportunities are vast. Factories were built in remote areas are able to provide employment opportunities to the people. For examples, occupations that normally offered to residents nearby as operator of the plant, the plant engineers, plant managers and so on. Job creation is supposed to be used by people to meet their needs. The industrial sector is able to offer a wide variety of employment opportunities at various levels. Among them are the stages of production, processing, assembly, packaging, marketing. In 2001 alone, 2.2 million people are involved in the industrial sector which is equivalent to 22% of the total workforce in Malaysia. This phenomenon can definitely reduce the rate of unemployment among people. When the rate of unemployment among people were reduce it also mean that we were close to full rate employment. Can be seen here that the industrial sector is able to offer a wide range of employment opportunities to the people especially in manufacturing. 3.1.7 The Leading Sector in the Malaysian Economy The share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased over time from 27.8% in 1996 to 31.4% in 2004 surpassing that of the agricultural sector since 1987. As a result of its rapid and sustained industrial growth by the mid of 1990s Malaysia had one of the largest productivity income. Besides that, The electrical electronics (EE) industry is the leading sector in Malaysias manufacturing sector, contributing significantly to the countrys exports (32.8 per cent) and employment (27.2 per cent) in 2013. The EE industry in Malaysia is focused on deepening and strengthening the three major ecosystems of semiconductors, solar and LED technologies. The growth of semiconductor will continue to spearhead the growth of the EE industry in Malaysia and has benefited from the global demand in the usage of mobile devices (smartphones, tablets), storage devices (cloud computing, data centres), optoelectronics (photonics, fibre optics, LEDs) and embedded technology (integrated circuits, PCBs, LEDs). The EE manufacturers in the country have continued to move-up the value chain to produce higher value-added products. These include intensification of research and development efforts and outsource non-core activities domestically. CONCLUSION For the conclusion, manufacturing sector is an important sector in driving structural transformation into high value added activities in Malaysia. The manufacturing sector has been the engine of economic growth in Malaysia since its embarked to be an industrialization country.

Metabical Case

Table Of Contents 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 Introduction Executive Summary Situation Analysis 3. 1 Identification Of The Problem 3. 2 Market Analysis 3. 3 SWOT Analysis 3. 4 Target Market Marketing Communication Strategy 4. 1 Marketing Communication Plan/Objectives 4. 2 Marketing Budget 4. 3 Schedule for Key Marketing Communication Activities 4. 4 Promotional Strategies 4. 4. 1 Advertising Strategies 4. 4. 2 Promotion and Public Relations 4. 4. 3 Sales Force 4. 4. 4 Comprehensive Support Program 4. 5 Product Strategies 4. 6 Distribution Strategies 4. 7 Pricing Strategies 4. 7. 1 Potential Customer 4. 7. 2 Sales Forecast 4. . 3 Return on Investment (ROI) Conclusion 4. 0 5. 0 1 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Cambridge Science Pharmaceuticals (CSP) was an International health care company with a focus on developing, manufacturing, and marketing products that treat metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, immune deficiencies, as well as other chronic and acute medical conditions. The company captured ove r $25 billion in sales in 2007. Barbara Printup is the senior director of marketing of CSP who is responsible for the most successful product by CSP, Zimistat. CSP had assigned Printup to be in-charged of the upcoming U.S product launch of CSP ¶s newest prescription drug, Metabical. Barbara Printup, Senior Director of marketing for Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP) will be the person who is responsible in the product launch of Metabical which scheduled for January 2009. It was now February 2008, and Printup ¶s first order of business was to develop a viable positioning strategy and associated marketing communications plan for Metabical. 2. 0 Executive Summary Cambridge Science Pharmaceuticals (CSP) came out with the first prescription drug approved by the FDA specifically for overweight individuals called Metabical.The majority of Metabical trials participants reached their weight-loss goals by week 12. Although pricing had not been finalized, CSP estimated the retail pri ce for the drug would be approximately $3 to $5 per day, with the average course treatment lasting 12 weeks. In this report, we will conduct an analysis for CSP ¶s product, Metabical starting from the analysis of the industry. We will then elaborate the issues regarding overweight and obesity in the United States and analyse the market survey done by the company regarding overweight issues in order for us to decide which is the best market segmentation that we should target.The second focus in this report would be the positioning strategy which we will state the point of parity and point of differences of Metabical and come out with the positioning strategy and target market. The third focus will be the the SWOT analysis of the product which we will state the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Metabical which lead us in deciding which marketing communication strategy need to be taken next. Finally, we will discuss on marketing communication strategy which best su it with the product so that CSP able to communicate well with the target consumer.To decide the best positioning strategy and marketing communication plan, CSP had spent so much time and money in R&D and on FDA trials for Metabical. Printup was well aware that in order to recoup this massive investment, the drug need not only a successful launch, but also long term, steady demand. If Metabical were not successful with initial consumers, credibility of the drug would be in question and FDA approval would mean little. Printup still needed to flesh out the optimal segmentation, targeting and positioning of the drug, Then she could move on to assessing her current marketing 2 ommunications strategy and developing a timeline for the key activities. The case study had led us in analysing and deciding who was the ideal target consumer? How should each participant in the decision-making process to be addressed? How could these participant best be reached? What was the appropriate message to convey to one of them? What was the role of the support program? What was the optimal rollout schedule for the key marketing communications activities? In this report, Printup will provide all recommendations for the successfull marketing communication strategy and to ensure the long-term steady demand for Metabical. . 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM OVERVIEW OF OVERWEIGHT ISSUES IN THE UNITED STATE Excess weight is considered a public health crisis in the U. S, with approximately 65% of the entire adult population categorized as overweight, obese, or severely obese. Being overweight is related to a number of serious health complications, and according to the American Obesity Association in 2005, ? the second leading cause of preventable death in U. S. In addition to health risks, overweight individuals endure a significant social stigma as well as outright discrimination.Laziness and self indulgence are common stereotypes associated with this group. Many overweight people feel lik e social outcasts. The professional life of an overweight individual could also be negatively affected, as excess weight has been found to adversely influence, hiring decisions, wages, and promotions. Researchers and health care professionals measure excess weight using the Body Mass Index (BMI) scale. The BMI scale, which calculates the relationship between weight and height associated with body fat and health risk, is appropriate for both men and women.It has three BMI categories of excess weight for adults:overweight (25 to 30); obese (30 to 40); and severely, or morbidly obese (over 40). According to CDC National Centre for Health Statistics in 2002, 65% adults age 20-74 are overweight. Overweight can give negative impact to the people ¶s life such as coronary heart disease, endometrial, breast and colon cancer, gynecological problem, stroke, liver disease, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, hyper tension and many other diseases. People are getting fatter almost everywhere in the world. In 2005, 1. 6 billion adults in the world are overweight while 400 million are obese.The World Health Organization predicts there will be 2. 3 billion overweight adults in the world by 2015 and more than 700 million of them will be obese. MARKET ANALYSIS Marketing survey An extensive market survey had been conducted in 2007 which included 1,000 men and 1,000 women age ranging from 18 to 70 with BMIs of 25 to 29. 9 from various socioeconomics levels. The objective of the market survey is for CSP to understand the consumer ¶s behaviour and what they actually want. 3. 2 3 At first 70% of respondents surveyed were not satisfied with their current weight. 5% 0f them said were actively trying to lose weight but just 15% of them mentioned that were comfortable using drugs to help their weight-loss goals. When we described the benefits of Metabical to participants, 12 % of them immediately ask us to make an appointment with health care providers and request a prescription. I n terms of satisfaction with their current weight in each gender, 75% of women and 65% of men mentioned were dissatisfied with their current weight and appearance, whereas 50% of women and just 30% of men visited a health care provider for annual physical test.Base on survey which respondents mentioned 55% of women and 40% of men wanted to change their behavior to live a healthy lifestyle. While 60% of women and 30% of men said tried and failed to lose weight in past five years. The survey results reveal 65% and 35% of respondents were dissatisfied with current weight-loss options on the market for women and men respectively. In our data pool educational level of respondents as they mentioned was that 75% hold a college degree and 45% hold high school diploma and they were aware of the health risks associated with being moderately overweight.Based on respondents ¶ report, 65% of 18 to 35 years old respondents said that they wish to lose weight to look better and the rest (35%) of the same age group respondents said that they wish to lose weight to improve their overall health. While respondents with 35 years old and above have percentages 40% answers for good looks and 60% for better health. According to survey results 5%, 11% and 20% of respondents who have income level less than $40000, between $40,000 and more than$80,000 respectively mention that they would be willing to pay ? ut of pocket ? for a prescription weight-loss drug. Therefore according to the survey there is a need for a better weight loss drug which is proven and safe to lead a health lifestyle. Market Research Based on statistic on adult population in United States between 1976 and 2000 obviously we can see the percentage of obese and overweight steadily increasing. The percentage of overweight population who had BMI between 25 and 30 which categorized in overweight group was 34% in year 2000. while in the same year 25. % of U. S. populations categorized as obese and 4. 7% into severely obe se. Also the percentage of obesity were rise steadily with age in both gender with the highest occurrence among men age 65 to 74 and women age of 55 to 64 and with overall more prevalence in men rather than women. As we can see the percentage of obese had inversely related with education level and income level. The highest obesity percentages were in less than $25,000 with 32. 5% and level of education less than high school with 27. 4%.Through this experience and strong need to cater the moderately overweight people, health care providers saw their potential customers in them who want to lose unhealthy pounds. Health care providers went ahead to produce the drug and recommend them to use it besides getting help from diet and 4 exercise schedules. Based on reports which were obtained from health care providers one of their major concerns about weight-loss drug was that patients would get back weight when they stopped taking pills. We try to achieve psychographic segmentation of overw eight.According to research which was done on females, they have verity of aims to lose weight. In age 18 to 30 with high school education and under $40000 income have low self-esteem and unrealistic expectation to look like a movie star. And in age group between 25 to 40 with college education and income level $50,000$80,000 said willing to alter current behavior to get back to their old physic. While age 35 to 65 with college education plus and more than $80,000 income mentioned ready to make change to be healthier. In age group 45 to 65 with some college education and income $40,000 to $60,000 want to lose weight but if it is easy.In age group 40 to 65 with some college education and income $30,000-$50,000 they accepted their overweight and they don ¶t want to change the lifestyle. Printup also commissioned a study to analyse psychographic segmentation of overweight individuals. The study revealed that women demonstrated the most distinct segmentation. Out of five psychographic profiles, we feel that CSP should focus into two of it segmentation which is as follows: SEGMENT ? I want to be healthier? DESCRIPTION Want to lose weight to feel better and live longer.Knowledgeable about the importance of nutrition and exercise. Ready to make a change. Focused on gold of reclaiming former weight. Motivated and willing to alter current behaviour. TYPICAL DEMORGRAGPHIC PROFILE Age 35 to 65, college education plus, household income $80,000+ ?I want to wear my skinny jeans? Age 25 to 40, college education, household income $50,000 – $60,000 To support the above findings, in February 2008 focus group study revealed their dissatisfaction with current weight-loss options and the desire for a proven and safe way to drop excess weight.This focus group participants also expressed the desire for a prescription ±strength drug with FDA approval and clinical result to back up weight-loss claim. 5 3. 3 SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT Analysis is a Strategic Planning method that is used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a business. It involves monitoring the internal and external marketing environment. Table 1 : SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. FDA approval Safe and effective in achieving significant weight loss. Less harmful compared to other products.One pill per day Average course treatment lasting12 weeks Combination of Calosera and meditanan created dramatic effect for weight loss. Strong and Comprehensive marketing strategy Experience marketing and R&D team Allocate substantial amount of money in marketing budget i. ii. WEAKNESSES Negative side effect-gastrointestinal discomfort. Not effective for individual with BMI>30 OPPORTUNITIES i. ii. iii. iv. Comprehensive support program Health care plans to include Metabical in their prescription drug program 65% of adult population categorized as over weight, obese or severely obese.No prescription  ± drug options for overweight segment (BMI 25-30 ) available in 2008 except drug Alli approved by FDA Market research indicated of high indication of people wanting to loss weight. i. ii. iii. THREATS FDA imposed stringent regulation due to negative side-effect cases. Increasing herbal / dietary supplements Deceptive marketing claims. v. 3. 3. 1 STRENGTH CSP believed that its prescription drug, Metabical, is far more superior than any weight-loss solution on the market because Metabical would be the first prescription drug approved by the FDA specifically for overweight individuals (i. . , those with BMI of 25 to 30). The combination of calosera and meditonan produced dramatic weight loss for overweight individuals and it is find to be less harmful as compared to other weight loss drugs. It worked in a low dose formulation, thereby reducing stress on heart or liver function than other weight loss drugs tended to produce. Metabical also contained a controlled release feature that required only one pill to be taken per day with aver age course of treatment lasting 12 weeks. It also helps in changing people behavior to a healthier eating habits.CSP is an international company with a strong and experienced marketing and R&D team. CSP has developed a comprehensive marketing strategies and have allocated substantial amount of money in marketing budget. 6 3. 3. 2 WEAKNESSES Despite of its strength, Metabical has few negative side effects associated with excess fat and calories in the diet. It occurs when users consumed high level of fat and calories. These side effects were similar to the gastrointestinal discomfort caused by Alli, only less severe.Metabical ¶s formulation however is not very effective in helping individuals with BMIs of 30 or greater and was, therefore, not recommended for this group. 3. 3. 3 OPPORTUNIES Excess weight is considered a public health crisis in the U. S and approximately 65% of the entire adult population categorized as overweight, obese or severely obese. With these large population , it creates an even bigger market share for Metabical. In addition, no prescription drug option specifically for the overweight segment (BMI of 25 to 30) were available in 2008 except for drug Alli had been approved by the FDA for weight loss used.Meaning there will be no strong competitor for Metabical for the time being. From the market survey and market research conducted by CSP, it showed high indication of people actively wanting to lose weight and live a healthy life style with comprehensive support program will enable individuals to achieve better results than they would from the pill alone. In addition, the support program would teach lifestyle skills for healthy weight maintenance after the initial weight loss was achieved. 3. 3. 4 THREATThe drug industry faced several safety concerns with regard to weight-loss drugs and had been accused of deceptive marketing claims that dempened enthusiasm for the products. This deceptive marketing claim had damaged the industry credibil ity and to regain consumer ¶s confidence would be another big challenge to the drug industries. The rising in the numbers of dietary supplements and herbal products had worsened the situation due to its unregulated condition by the FDA and the products negative side effect such as sudden cardiac death and other serous health risks had reduse people confidence in weight loss drugs. . 4 TARGET MARKET In developing a viable positioning strategy in order to determine the right target market, CSP had conducted an extensive market survey of overweight individuals in the year 2007. Under the market analysis, Barbara Printup also carried out a study to analyze psychographic segmentation of the overweight individuals and they found out that women demonstrated the most distinct segmentation. Based on these findings from the market survey, market research and the psychographic segmentation, we suggest that the target market for Metabical are as the following: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 4. 0 Specifica lly for overweight individuals with BMI of 25 to 30. Women with age ranging from 25-65 Women with household income between $50,000 – $80,000 Women with college education and above Concern with health issues caused by overweight and actively trying to lose weight Willing to change current behavior and to live healthy lifestyle MARKETING COMMUNICATION STRATEGY The communication strategy of a prescription weight loss drug such as Metabical had to address all participants in the decision making process.Therefore, the communication strategy must focus on two main targets firstly, the Healthcare Providers and secondly direct to consumers who would be prescribing the medication. The marketing communication strategy should also address the concern of the healthcare providers which is  µthe patient would regain weight after they stop taking the pills ¶ and to include in the communication process by providing solution through Metabical and its continuous support program.As far the end consumers the communication process must address their concern which is  µwant to lose weight to feel better and live longer ¶. The initial Metabical launch budget is as per Table 2 below: Table 2 : Marketing Budget YEAR 1 ADVERTISING Push (Prescriber) Pull (Direct To Customer) Total Advertising $ 1,000,000 $ 12,000,000 ——————-$ 13,000,000 $ 200,000 $ 600,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 500,000 $ 200,000 ——————-$ 3,500,000 $ 3,500,000 $ 800,000 ——————-$ 4,300,000 $ 600,000 $ 1,491,000 $ 255,000 $ 23,146,000 PROMOTIONDevelopment of Support Program Lunch & Learn Seminars / Other Promo Production of Support Program Training / Promotion Materials Direct Mailing To Health Care Providers Total Promotion PUBLIC RELATIONS Medical Education Meeting and Event Press Release / Materials Total Public Relations Market Research Sales Force Allocation Product Management Allocation TOTAL BUDGET It is also very important for the marketing communication strategy to have the timeline for the key marketing activities and we proposed the optimal roll out schedule for key marketing communications activities to be as follows: 8Table 3 : Schedule of Marketing Communication Activities TIME LINE Sales Force Road show On Clinical Information by sales Pharmacies Team Advertising To Create Brand Awarenes & Knowledge Advertising Branding Image Promotion & Public Relation Product Launch Continues Support Program YEAR 1 YEAR 2 FEB 2008 JAN 2009 4. 4. 1 ADVERTISING A sum of $13. 0 million had been allocated for these push and pull advertising. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising is a new phenomenon in the drug industry due to the introduction of guidelines by the FDA in 1997 that opened up the flood gates to the drug advertisements.The first year, CSP should aggressively spend on the advertising activities to DTC in order to create product knowledge and brand awareness which include television, online (website), radio advertisements and press conference during the product launch in January 2009. In order to meet its objective we propose that the advertisement strategy must go with the tagline ? Losing weight is tough, You don ¶t have to do it alone. Let Metabical and your healthcare provider start you on the road to a healthy weight and better lifestyle?.The Senior Executive of CSP did not agree with the idea of celebrity endorser but we strongly believe that this celebrity spokesperson idea is a great idea and able to attract more customers to buy Metabical. As we know that celebrities have become the trend setter and very influential in terms of their style of dressing, hairstyle, cosmetic that they are wearing, their car model and even what they eat. Thus, a celebrity like Oprah Winfrey can be very influential in attracting more customers especially when she endorse Metabical in her talk show program.Metabical ¶s advertising strategy should also target the professional medical community which is the healthcare provider. For example, they could create a campaign by print ads in leading medical publications and interactive ads online related to health issues in order to raise awareness about the drug and its benefits. 9 This advertising concepts which aimed to healthcare provider must go along with the tagline ? Empower your patients to lose excess weight. Change their unhealthy eating habits and achieve long term success.Introducing Metabical short-term drug therapy and comprehensive support program for overweight patients. It gets results? 4. 4. 2 PROMOTION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS The promotion and public relations budget also included campaign aimed at both healthcare providers and the end consumers. The total budget allocated for this campaign is $4. 3 mil with $1. 3 mil was allocated for promotional campaign in the first year. Before the Metabical launch, pamphlets and reply card for sample of support program should be mai led to 100,000 health care providers as a direct mail campaign.These pamphlets contain information about Metabical. The next best campaign that the marketing communication strategy should focus heavily on is the viral marketing campaign in order to reach the market globally. This viral marketing involves internet sales, social network such as facebook, twitter and blogs in order to create buzz for Metabical. Infact, CSP should set up a team on this viral marketing campaign in order to reach customers faster and cheaper globally.The plan to launch an online contest during Metabical launching day is a good idea whereby Metabical users would have the chance to compete who could reduce their BMI ¶s by the highest percentage. Normally in the weight loss industry, people want to see results and testimonial on the drugs. ` We consider the Public Relations efforts to include pre-launch and atlaunch press release is a good more because it can act as a teaser ad and to inform the public at large that Metabical is the newly safe weight loss drug in the market.The roundtable discussion involving prominent leaders member of media and medical professional in the medical community and medical research symposium to members of media and medical professional, is an important strategy because in order for the weight loss products to be successful, an endorsement by expert is very likely to increase the confidence level of the customers. In addition, the coverage of these high profile events in the leading news organization shall enhance the marketing communication strategy of Metabical.A series of breakout sessions focusing on health issues for overweight patients shall further strengthening the communication strategy in product effectiveness and awareness. 10 4. 4. 3 SALES FORCE The Metabical sales team consisted of 32 sales representatives who service approximately 3,200 medical offices. These sales team had been instructed to give product detail of Metabical to the healthca re providers.In order for the sales team to be effective in meeting objective of creating product knowledge and its benefits, they providing clinical information and to arrange for a visit to at least four medical offices per day in order to finish up the 3,200 medical offices which are already in their data base. CSP also need to increase the number of their sales force team in order to cover the other 100,000 healthcare providers which are still untapped by them. This additional sales force team need to attend all the inquiries that they might receive after the mailing of pamphlets and sample to the said 100,000 healthcare providers. . 4. 4 COMPREHENSIVE SUPPORT PROGRAM The most common problem among the weight loss drug company is that people will start regaining weight once they stop taking the pill and in some cases, these people will gain even more weight then their initial weight. Realising this issue, CSP planned to create a comprehensive support program to complement the Met abical pill. Its goal is to enable individuals to achieve better results than they would from the pill alone. In addition, the support program would teach lifestyle skills for healthy weight maintenance after the initial weight loss was achieved. 200,000 will be spent on the development of the support program and the cost in Year 1 associated with producing the program is approximately $2 million. It is recommended that CSP to add this comprehensive support program in their packaging in the form of a CD in each pack so as to enhance the ability of Metabical users to reach and maintain their weight-loss goals. They can also put it in their website and to other form of social network. The sales force team also need to include this support program in their presentation in order to convey its benefits to the healthcare providers.It must also be well stated in the pamphlets and flyers which they are distributing. 4. 5 PRODUCT STRATEGY Metabical is the first prescription drug approved by FDA specifically for overweight individual with BMI of 25 to 30. Clinical trials proved Metabical to be safe and effective in achieving significant weight loss for overweight individuals. The majority of trial participants reached their weight-loss goals by week 12. Thus, CSP need to decide on the best form of packaging by considering what is the number of pills that would be included in each pack. 11Packing the whole twelve week supply in one package will cause higher pricing and it will effect the number of potential customers. Even though the twelve-week supply will enable the customers to complete the twelve-week cycle in 3 months in a row but it will limit the potential customers only to those who can afford the entire medication program with one-time pay. Therefore, it is advisable to pack Metabical with one pack for four week supply which can make it affordable for everyone. However, there is risk to this one-month packaging whereby there will be no guarantee that the consume rs will complete the entire treatment.As such, it is also suggested to have another packaging with 3 pack for 12 weeks supply and as value added, a CD contain comprehensive support program is attached to it. By attaching the comprehensive support program to the 3 pack of twelve week supply it can definitely attract more customers especially those with higher income bracket of more than $80,000. 4. 6 DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY Being a prescribed weight loss drugs definitely the distribution channels are limited to places such as Drug store, healthcare Providers, Specialty Store uch as Watson, Pharmacy such as Guardian and the latest trend is the Internet Sales. 4. 7 PRICING STRATEGY Pricing is another important factor in determining the success of Metabical. In order to determine the price for Metabical, first we compare with its closest competitor which is Alli ¶s pricing model. We have to also come up with several other assumptions such as by assuming that consumers will be ready to p ay more for a prescription drug and generally people trust prescribed drug rather than the non-prescribed drugs.So, to set higher price for Metabical would not be a problem and would be acceptable by the consumers. Therefore, we come-up with price simulation as per Table 4 below: Table 4: Pricing Simulation METABICAL ALLI Estimated Retail Price Dosage Treatment $3 to $5 Per pill 1 Pill Per Day 12 Weeks (90 Days) $120 Per Pack / $2. 40 Per Pill 1 Pill Per Day 50 Days $2 Per Pill Revenue Per Month Revenue Per Year   ESTIMATED RETAIL PRICE $3 Per Pill $4 Per Pill $5 Per Pill $6 Per Pill $60 $720 $90 $1,080 $120 $1,440 $150 $1,800 $180 $2,160 To sell at $90 per month is to low because Metabical is a prescription drug. To capture a larger group the price should not as high as $150 per month. $120 per month would be the right price for a four weeks supply. Based on Table 4 above, we set Metabical price at $120 per month which we assume would be the right price for a four week supply. 1 2 Pricing strategy is also directly ties with the demand forecast and sales forecast. Thus, based on Market Survey and Market research finding we come up with demand forecast as per Table 4 below: 4. . 1 POTENTIAL CUSTOMER Table 5 : Potential Customer POPULATION OVERWEIGHT POTENTIAL USER (Million) (25 < BMI < 30) (MILLION) 2000 209 34% 71. 06 2008 230 39% 89. 70 FROM MARKET SURVEY 12% – Respondents Immediately Make an Appointment With Their Health Care Provider and Request a Prescription YEAR 2000 YEAR 2008 71. 06 Mill X 12% = 8. 53 Mill 89. 70 Mill X 12% = 10. 76 Mill Say Only 10% Consumers Can Be Reached In The First Year 8. 53 Mill X 10% = 0. 85 Mill 10. 76 Mill X 10% = 1. 08 Mill YEARFrom the above demand forecast, we then come up with the sales forecast as per Table 6: 4. 7. 2 SALES FORECAST Table 6 : Sales Forecast ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF PACK TO BE SOLD From : 2. 55 Mill Packs (0. 85 Mill X 3 Packs) To : 3. 24 Mill Packs (1. 08 Mill X 3 Packs) Consider Price @ $120 P er Pack CSP WOULD EARN BETWEEN $306 Mill to $389 Mill 4. 7. 3 RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) Table 7 : Return on Investment (ROI) INITIAL YEAR SALES TURNOVER ($ Mill) ACUMULATIVE CASHFLOW ($ Mill) RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ( % ) (423. 5) (423. 15) YEAR 1 347. 40 (75. 75) -19% : : : YEAR 2 383. 88 308. 13 77% YEAR 3 424. 18 732. 31 183% 515% $2,623. 65 MILL 1. 27 YEARS YEAR 4 468. 72 1,201. 03 300% YEAR 5 517. 94 1,718. 97 429% INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) PAYBACK PERIOD y ASSUMTIONS Product Price : $120 Per Pack (For 1 Month Treatment  ± 30 pills) Estimated Product Sold in Year 1 : From 2. 55 Mill  ± 3. 24 Mill (Say On Average 2. 90 Mill Packs). Turnover Increase by 10% Every Year. Investment Cost $423. 15 Mill. 13 5. 0CONCLUSION Print-up had come up with a strong and comprehensive marketing communication strategy which focus on the brand awareness and Metabical benefits to the targeted group. Based on the extensive market survey and market research as well as the focus group findings, the marketing communication strategy of Metabical will be successfully creating demand for Metabical. Furthermore, being known as the only prescription drug with FDA approval and clinical results to back up weight-loss claims will definitely attract a lot more customers and steady demand in the future. 14